Characteristics and applications of magnetic sensors

The magnetic sensing element is a type of semiconductor device that is highly responsive to magnetic fields. Common examples include magnetic sensitive diodes, contactless potentiometers, and other similar components. In this explanation, we'll focus on the magnetic sensitive diode as an example. Magnetic sensitive diodes operate based on the Lorentz force acting on charge carriers when they move through a magnetic field. The structure of a magneto-sensitive diode typically consists of a high-purity silicon or germanium material close to intrinsic. Both ends are doped with P+ and N+ regions using methods like alloying or diffusion. The middle region, known as the intrinsic area, is longer than the typical diffusion length of electrons and the drift length of holes. This forms a P+-I-N+ structure. A high recombination region is then created near the intrinsic area through processes such as grinding or diffusion, resulting in a magnetic sensitive diode. When the diode is operating normally, it behaves similarly to a regular diode. It requires the positive terminal of the power supply to be connected to the P+ side and the negative terminal to the N+ side, ensuring unidirectional conductivity. However, when placed in a magnetic field, the resistance of the diode changes depending on the strength and direction of the magnetic field. As a result, the current passing through the diode also varies accordingly. This unique property makes magnetic sensitive diodes ideal for detecting the presence or absence of a magnetic field. These devices are widely used in various applications, including tape tension control, aerospace systems, automotive sensors, electronic circuits, and instrumentation. Their ability to respond to magnetic fields makes them essential components in modern sensor technology and automation systems.

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