In the context of depleting oil resources and growing environmental concerns, electric vehicles (EVs) have entered a phase of rapid development. However, high costs, limited battery life, and short driving ranges continue to hinder their widespread adoption. While motor and control technologies are well-established and mature, the most significant challenge and competition for EVs still lie in battery technology. Major automotive manufacturers are investing heavily in new energy vehicle research, with Tesla leading the global smart electric vehicle industry. Its products excel in performance and core technology, while BYD is recognized as a leader in the new energy vehicle sector, with advanced R&D in battery and generator technologies.
When it comes to batteries, which is more competitive between Tesla and BYD? The Tesla Model S uses a battery pack composed of Panasonic 18650 cells—each larger than a standard No. 5 battery, also known as a ternary lithium battery. In contrast, BYD specializes in lithium iron phosphate batteries, a mainstream type on the market.
Battery construction differs significantly between the two. Tesla opted for around 7,000 small cells, allowing for easier replacement of individual units rather than the entire pack. This approach leverages Tesla’s expertise in BMS (Battery Management System), which effectively coordinates the operation of thousands of batteries. The choice of small cells was also influenced by the fact that high-energy-density lithium cobalt oxide batteries cannot be easily scaled into large formats. Meanwhile, BYD chose larger battery packs due to the lower energy density of its lithium iron phosphate batteries, which simplifies the control system but may be less efficient in early-stage EV technology.
In terms of performance, Tesla’s ternary lithium batteries offer higher energy density and better low-temperature performance but suffer from shorter lifespans and safety risks, such as thermal runaway if short-circuited. BYD’s lithium iron phosphate batteries, on the other hand, are safer, more stable at high temperatures, and have longer cycle life, making them more cost-effective in the long run.
A comparison table highlights these differences:
| Battery Characteristics | Ternary Lithium Battery (18650) | Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery |
|------------------------|----------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Safety (relative) | Low | High |
| Energy Density (Wh/kg) | 200 | 100–110 |
| Nominal Voltage (V) | 3.8 | 3.2 |
| Cycle Life | Low | High |
| Cost (long-term) | High | Low |
| Low-Temperature Performance | Strong | Weak |
From a comprehensive perspective, lithium iron phosphate batteries are more practical and reliable, especially when it comes to safety and longevity.
Moving beyond the battery, motor selection also plays a key role. Tesla has opted for asynchronous motors, which are more mature and widely used, while BYD has chosen permanent magnet synchronous motors, which are more efficient but require rare earth materials, increasing costs.
Tesla's use of IGBTs in the ESC section improves efficiency and torque output, compensating for some battery limitations. BYD’s motor, though more efficient and faster, faces challenges in scalability and cost management due to reliance on rare earth elements.
Looking ahead, both companies are shaping the future of electric mobility in different ways. Tesla has redefined charging infrastructure and consumer experience, positioning itself as the "Apple" of the automotive industry. Meanwhile, BYD emphasizes vertical integration and independent R&D, focusing on foundational innovation. While each has its own strengths, the future of electric vehicles will likely depend on how well they can balance performance, safety, and cost-effectiveness.
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