Do Fish Also Need the Right Lighting? It's Very Knowledgeable!
Release date: February 1, 2018
Source: Zhongzhao.com
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Today, there are dozens of fish species such as groupers, scorpions, and others. When setting up a water flow or circulating water aquaculture workshop, aquaculture companies consider light as a direct energy source that enters the water directly or indirectly, significantly affecting fish feeding, reproduction, and endocrine functions. Therefore, lighting planning is essential for these workshops.
Each fish species has a common visual and physiological structure adapted to its natural environment, including factors like water depth, dissolved oxygen, and food chain dynamics. As a result, there is no universal lighting standard. This leads to many questions: How should the lighting environment in the workshop be planned? What type of lighting is most beneficial? What scientific basis supports the selection?
1. Current Status of Lighting in Aquaculture Workshops
Most workshops currently use traditional fluorescent tubes, which have limited color options, are not waterproof, cannot be controlled smartly, and contain mercury. Hence, more people are turning to LED lights, which offer precise spectrum control, high protection levels, energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, long lifespan, and intelligent controllability.
The next question is what color, power, and type of LED to choose. To answer this, it’s necessary to understand the fish eye’s physiological structure and how light changes in water, then analyze the general rules based on the lighting plan.
2. Fish Eye Visual Physiology
Over millions of years, aquatic animals have adapted to natural underwater light conditions. Breeding companies must calculate artificial lighting environments based on the fish’s visual structure and the natural environment's depth and color.
Fish eyes are similar to those of higher vertebrates, with an absorption spectrum ranging from 430-620 nm. However, due to their aquatic lifestyle, they have unique characteristics. The fish eyeball consists of cone cells and rod cells. Cone cells detect bright light and can distinguish colors and details, while rod cells function in low light, with high sensitivity but no color discrimination or precision.
3. Rules for Light Changes in Water
Light behaves differently in water, following the principle that the energy is inversely proportional to the wavelength. Red and orange light penetrate less than blue and green light. Typically, red light may only reach about 10 meters, while blue light can travel nearly 100 meters in seawater. The intensity of sunlight entering the water depends on the water's clarity, and through absorption, refraction, and scattering, light intensity decreases exponentially.
4. General Rules for Workshop Lighting Planning
Although each fish has a different visual nervous system, based on the above analysis, we can summarize some general guidelines for workshop lighting.
1. Fish eyes are similar to those of higher vertebrates, so continuous light or complete darkness can be suffocating for their growth and development.
2. In general, the retinal of fish eyes is sensitive to the light peaks of the resting water spectrum. Thus, deep-water fish prefer blue-green light, while near-shore and freshwater fish absorb more red-orange wavelengths.
3. The salinity of spawning grounds determines the visual pigments of fish. Migratory fish in spawning areas have absorption spectra between 430nm-562nm (short-wavelength visible light) and 570-620nm (freshwater).
4. The photoperiod affects the gonadal development of fish. This is a simple and cost-effective solution that doesn’t increase expenses.
5. Broodstock, juvenile fish, and adult fish have different lighting needs.
6. The light environment is just one influencing factor, along with temperature, dissolved oxygen, and other elements.
5. LED Lamp Selection
After reviewing professional material, you can contact an LED manufacturer. Here are key points to consider when placing your order:
1. If there are national, industry, or local standards, ensure compliance with energy-saving and safety regulations.
2. Use lamps with high luminous power. For example, high-power white LEDs now have luminous efficiency over 100 Lm/W.
3. Aquatic LED lamps include bulb lamps, tube lamps, mining lamps, flood lamps, etc. The first two types have smaller power, while the latter have larger. For frames 3-4 meters high, bulbs and linear lamps are often used. For mining lamps at 3-4 meters, flood lamps are suitable. The lamp type should also consider the luminaire’s light distribution curve and the geometry of the rearing pond.
4. The lamp life should exceed 30,000 hours. When selecting, ensure the protection level is at least IP65, and the corrosion resistance meets WF2.
5. Bulbs and T8 tube lights are cheaper due to mass production. If choosing these, ensure the bulb head is sealed and waterproof, and the T8 tube requires sealing or a clear PC three-proof cover.
6. Most white LEDs are made by stimulating phosphor with InGaN blue chips. Low color temperature or high color rendering LEDs do not replicate the natural solar white spectrum.
7. Regarding intelligent lighting communication network interfaces, if the workshop lighting is concentrated, RS485 cable management is better. If there are many scattered lamps, ZigBee or similar wireless protocols are preferable. Regardless of dimming method, the luminaire should gradually turn on and off to avoid stress responses in fish during lighting changes.
Farmers have gradually realized that light, as a physical tool, can regulate fish gonad development, promote nutrient growth, and achieve high-quality protein. With knowledge of workshop planning and fish lighting experiments, and by choosing the right LED lamps, it's possible to create a suitable light environment for artificial aquaculture, achieving a multiplier effect.
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