The communication interface refers to the connection point between the central processing unit (CPU) and a standard communication subsystem. One common example is the RS232 interface, which is a serial port typically found as a 9-pin connector on the back of a computer case. This port is often marked with a symbol resembling “|O|O|.â€
**Main Classification**
There are two general types of chassis, though there may be only one new model available. Laptops might not always be included in this classification. Many industrial instruments use the RS232 interface as a standard communication port, and the specific data format and communication details are usually outlined in the user manual provided with the device.
Communication between computers or between a computer and a terminal can occur through either serial or parallel communication. Serial communication, which uses fewer wires and is more cost-effective, is especially popular for long-distance transmissions due to its ability to avoid issues caused by inconsistent wiring. For serial communication, both devices must use a standardized interface, allowing different equipment to connect seamlessly. The RS-232-C interface, also known as EIA RS-232-C, is the most widely used serial communication standard. Developed in 1970 by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) in collaboration with Bell Systems, modem manufacturers, and computer terminal producers, it defines the technical standards for serial binary data exchange between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data communication equipment (DCE). The standard specifies a 25-pin DB25 connector and defines signal levels and pin functions.
With the advancement of electronic technology and growing market demands, various instruments are increasingly integrated into automation control systems and monitoring setups across different industries. This requires reliable communication between systems and within each system itself. Advanced communication protocols ensure the accurate transmission of collected data.
A communication protocol is an agreement that defines the data format, synchronization method, transmission speed, procedure, error detection mechanism, and control characters used during communication. Both parties must follow these rules to enable interoperability between devices and systems. Proper application of communication protocols in product development not only enhances design flexibility but also improves usability, expands product functionality, and increases market competitiveness.
**Several Common Communication Interfaces**
**1. Standard Serial Port (RS232)**
The RS232 communication line is simple, allowing point-to-point two-way communication using just one cable. It’s cost-effective but has a slow transmission speed and is unsuitable for long distances. While modern consumer PCs have largely eliminated this interface, it’s still found in industrial computers and some communication devices. Once drivers are installed, the serial port can be used directly, and many serial debugging tools are available online for testing. Users can also easily develop their own communication programs.
**2. GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus)**
GPIB allows multiple instruments to be connected via a single bus to form an automated test system. It’s commonly used in laboratories and production environments where electrical interference is minimal. However, it has a low communication rate and is mainly used for sending control commands. Most PCs lack a built-in GPIB interface, so a dedicated control card and driver are required to communicate with the instrument.
**3. Ethernet**
Most modern devices come with a LAN network interface, commonly referred to as a "RJ-45" or "Crystal Head." Ethernet offers flexible networking, multi-point communication, long-distance transmission, and high speed, making it the dominant communication method today. The interface connects a router to a local area network, and while there are various types of LANs, the most common include AUI, BNC, RJ-45, FDDI, ATM, and fiber interfaces. In the instrumentation and system integration industries, many engineers choose to control instruments through network ports by sending commands.
**4. USB (Universal Serial Bus)**
USB is the most commonly used interface, featuring only four wires: two for power and two for signals. It is essentially a serial interface, with a voltage output of +5V at 500mA. The acceptable voltage range is 4.8–5.2V. The four lines are typically arranged as follows: black (ground), red (power), green (data+), and white (data-). USB is primarily used for data storage and external information transfer. It is also a popular interface for secondary development. Although USB 3.0 is well-established in notebooks, USB 2.0 is still widely used in instrumentation due to limitations in processing speed and architecture.
**5. Wireless**
Wireless communication is another essential method, offering no physical connections, fast transmission speeds, and compatibility with many modern instruments that come with built-in 802.11 wireless interfaces. These instruments can connect to a wireless router or a mobile phone's Wi-Fi hotspot to form a network.
**6. Multi-Machine Synchronization Interface**
This type of interface differs from traditional ones like USB or Ethernet. It is designed for power analyzers and similar devices to increase channel count and synchronize multiple instruments. By connecting two devices via a cable, multiple tests can be performed simultaneously, ensuring synchronized signal measurement.
**Summary**
1. When communication speed is low, no long-distance transmission is needed, and only one device is involved, a serial port can start measurements quickly.
2. If you need to connect with calibration sources or signal generators that all have GPIB interfaces, switching to GPIB mode allows you to create a small network.
3. Ethernet is our recommended connection method. For short distances, you can connect directly to an industrial computer or laptop using a twisted pair. For longer distances, adding a switch enables one host to control multiple instruments.
4. In special situations without wired communication options, the wireless interface of PA2000mini and PA8000 series power analyzers can be used. For example, when measuring in a vehicle, the power analyzer and PC can both connect to a mobile phone's Wi-Fi hotspot and operate wirelessly.
5. The PA series power analyzers have a built-in FTP server. Once an Ethernet or wireless connection is established, you can access the stored measurement data through a browser on your PC or smartphone and download it to your hard drive or mobile storage.
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